Essay on The Holy Bible - Suffering and The Book of Job

Suffering and The Book of Job Life is difficult. Suffering...is not an exception to the human condition, it is the human condition (Gomes 405). The question of why life can be unjustly cruel is asked today and has been asked since the beginning of time. And where is God in the midst of hardship? Is He non-existent, as the pagan statement, Its Chance alone that moves and rules our lives implies (Neiman 442). Or is God only partially in control of situations, as Harold Kushner concludes, writing, there are some things God does not control (462). Is all suffering a direct result of our own actions, as David Neiman offers (He who is suffering and believes in a God of justice, must also blame himself for†¦show more content†¦Job, a righteous man devastated beyond imagination, cries out to God in a way many can identify with. He expresses his anger toward God (10:8), feels separated from God (13:24), and demands an answer form God (10:2). However, the reader can observe Jobs struggle with his righteousness. He claims his innocence and even presents to God specific deeds he has done throughout his life (29:1-25). But then he constantly comes back to the same question: But how can a man be just before God? (9:2). This pr ofound question is crucial to our understanding of our relationship to God and our acceptance of His will. As good as Job is, when he sees himself in the light of Gods perfection, he realizes that he is just as wretched as the next guy. God owes him nothing. Gods very first words to Job, Who is this that darkens counsel by words without knowledge? (38:2) speak clearly to all people. The problem of mans existence is that he does not know what is going on in the universe beyond the veil of mystery, and is unaware of the workings of God (Neiman 443). God has a perfect understanding of justice, an omniscience that we cannot fathom, and, as Biblical history has shown, God has perhaps used people unfairly to accomplish his will. For believing Christians, God performed the most unfair act of all by allowing Christ, His son, to be mocked, tortured, andShow MoreRelatedSatan in Paradaise Lost and Dantes Inferno1138 Words   |  5 Pages After God created the Earth and mankind, all was right in the Holy kingdom. That is until, a friend, the bearer of light, the morning star fell in battle and ultimately in darkness. This fateful battle made true everything we know and live now. Milton and Dante play on this every concept in two very d ifferent ways, for Milton a cunning reflection of man and for Dante an animalisitic dunce. Milton and Dante use the Bible stories as a backdrop for their epic poems of love and of loss whereinRead MoreLiterary Analysis on the Book of Job3072 Words   |  13 PagesNovember 2010 ] The Book of Job: An Examination Of all of the stories, fables, proverbs, and histories of the Bible, The Book of Job is one of the most compelling due to its unique literary style and the complex treatment of the issue of suffering. Unlike other books of the Bible, The Book of Job details a conflict between man and God within a poetic structure, and is the only book in the Bible to take on the problem of suffering as its main purpose. Throughout the book, Job pleads to God for allRead MoreWisdom Tradition And The Old Testament Essay2163 Words   |  9 PagesWisdom Tradition is a term applied to the Old Testament books of Proverbs, Job, Sirach, Wisdom of Solomon, and Ecclesiastes. Wisdom Tradition books all share characteristics and points of view that are somewhat different than other biblical books. Wisdom tradition has very prominent characteristics from other books in the Old Testament such as a search for the goal of life, how to master it and questioning the problems of life, showing interest to human expe riences that affect all people, joy ofRead MoreEssay on Terror in America2378 Words   |  10 PagesCitys police and firemen. And the causalities were not just Americans. They included nearly 1,000 citizens from thirty-seven different countries. Holy War Horror Since the attack on America, it has been all the more chilling to realize that Arabs, motivated by radical Islamic beliefs, carried out these acts. Their masterminds speak of a Holy War, a Jihad against the West. International terrorism once threatened Americans outside their country. Since September 11th, the front line of attackRead MoreThe Vampire Lestat and the Problem of Eternal Damnation Essay3601 Words   |  15 Pages Mortal sins destroy the grace of God in the heart of the sinner. 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NATO Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2695 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Review Did you like this example? ILP CW3 336083 The use of force has been a long-debated topic within the scope of collective security and can be said to be linked directly to the sovereignty of states. Along the passing of time, unauthorized use of force or threats has been abolished and now, it has become a rule of law making such acts to be war crimes. Generally impermissible, however there will be certain situations where use of force can be deemed lawful such as for the purposes of self-defence, humanitarian intervention and pre-emptive power inter alia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "NATO Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order In the following part of this essay, the discussion will be based largely on UN and NATOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s previous humanitarian operations, assessing the details of intervention of the said organizations. The United Nations Charter in article 2(4)[1] restricts the use of force by member of states to the UN. The charter explicitly prohibits members in their international relations to act against territorial or political independence of any state by threat of force or other acts inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.[2] This has been made law upon the ratification of all member states and is protected by the United Nations Charter 1945. Academics translated this provision to be prohibiting the use of force as in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“territorial integrity or political independence of statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; and exception to this would be instances such as self-defence and those listed under Chapter VIII by the UN Security Council. The general principle is to restrict the u se of armed forces except in cases such as; there is collective action-pursued to maintain or to restore peace[3]; and Article 51 which provides that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right to individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a state.[4] Referring back to self-defence, On March 23rd, 1999, NATO began a three-month-long bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, allegedly to prevent the ethnic cleansing of Kosovar Albanians in the semi-autonomous region of Serbia by Slobodan MiloseviÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s authoritarian regime. Mr Robertson, Secretary of State for Defence at that time, expressed the Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stand regarding the multinational NATO intervention in Kosovo as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"We are in no doubt that NATO is acting within international law. Our legal justification rests upon the accepted principle that force may be used in extrem e circumstances to avert a humanitarian catastrophe. Those circumstances clearly exist in Kosovoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[5] The use of force in such circumstances can be justified as a peculiar measure parallel to the purposes laid down by the UN Security Council, but without the Councils express authorisation, when that is the only means to avert an immediate and overwhelming humanitarian catastrophe. UN Security Council resolution 1199 clearly calls on the Yugoslav authorities to take immediate steps to cease their repression of the Kosovar Albanians and to seek solution to the issue. During the NATO intervention in Kosovo in 1999, NATOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision to deploy armed forces did not acquire clear legal authorization as its governments might have desired. Despite these, a clear cut judgment could not be achieved as to its legality. The main legal arguments used to support the NATO action in Kosovo according to Adam Roberts (Roberts 1999) would concern the United Nations Resolutions. UN resolution 1199 of 23rd September 1998 demanded Yugoslavia to cease all action by the forces that are affecting the member of public. Upon this warning, it was explicitly stated that action would be taken should the demand not be followed. Resolution 1203 of 24th October 1998 required the Serbs to conform to a number of key provisions of the accords completed in Belgrade. These resolutions also allowed the NATO Alliance to have a direct standing and interest in the affair of Kosovo. Having said these, if the UN Security Council couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t follow these resolutions into Kosovo with a specific authority to use force, the legal ground for NATOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s military action could be found in the resolution. On 26th March 1999, two days after the bombing started, Russia supported a draft UN resolution calling for an immediate termination of the use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Russiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stand was supported by two non-member states, India and Belarus. Only three member states (Russia, China and Namibia) voted in favour and twelve against this draft resolution. Sovereignty of state could not be said to be an absolute good. According to John Simmons, a legal definition of a right that is dependent on the safeguard of citizens within such a state (Simmons 1999). If these citizens are treated with oppression, then there is a legal basis for external force or powers, under the authorization of the United Nations, to step in to intervene for humanitarian purposes. Human interest should replace national interest as the driving force of human effort. State boundaries are merely social and political in nature that may vary according to beliefs, cultural or political agendas. Human interest is irreversible. Whatever moral good the entity of statehood is believed to have, it must prioritize the greater necessities of the rights of humanity. The United Nations Security-General (UNSG) introdu ced something they called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"vision of collective securityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which appealed to UN member states. The vision outlines a holistic notion of human security, including a common peace-building mission, along with several new organizations that works towards the purpose of the UN.[6] Along time as liberalization is expected to lead to democratization, humanitarian efforts are expected to lead to peacekeeping, and democratization to peacebuilding. In simple words, it is expected that peacekeeping will lead to self-sustainable peace between, within and across states. Joensson in his article states that unfortunately, in theory and practice, it is suggested that collective security discourse is overestimating the stabilizing effects of negotiated peace agreements and UN multidimensional peacekeeping under the current collective security arrangement.[7] Efforts to end and prevent conflict and implement processed of political and economic liberalization have called on forceful armed power intervention and intrusive protocols that are proven to be detrimental democratization and peace.[8] Joensson further commented that the UN on several occasions have been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"forced to compromise its objectives to match the little success that has actually been achieved in practice.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ This suggests that instead of strengthening the post-conflict states from within, the multidimensional operations are conveying an international culture of dependency in which the internal stability of weak states become increasingly dependent on external assistance.[9] Having said this, there is a clash between short and long-term goals if multidimensional peacekeeping, and a gap between UNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power to act, as well as between the collective security discourse and global world order.[10] A generally accepted example of the success of collective security would be the Gulf War that taken place in 1990. The Security Council passed resol utions calling for unconditional withdrawal including Article 41 for economic sanctions and Chapter VII for a US-led alliance of armed forces. After 6 weeks, operation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Desert Stormà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ had totally broken the resistance of Iraqi troops. The key point to note here is the legitimating function of collective security by the UN. Although it happens that powerful state may override the protocol of bypassing the legitimization process, examples such the 2003 Iraq invasion subsequently led to serious unease. Claude also makes this point naming the UN as an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"agency of collective legitimizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It is suggested that with the approval of the Security Council, use of force could be conceived as acceptable because of such endorsement. Despite the UN playing such a significant role in international relations, there is still doubt as to whether the UN is successful in achieving its purpose in collective security. The Cold War is one o f the failures of the UN in achieving the so-called collective security, reason being the veto given by Article 27 Chapter3. Consequently, the operation was paralyzed because any threat to the interests of the US or the Soviet Union resulted in a veto preventing the UN from taking action. Efforts of collective security by the UN are hampered when there is superpower present among the parties. Although collective security is said to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"superiorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the sense that the preponderant physical powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to defer or defect potential breaches of peace and security and because the overall diffusion power is more stabilizing than shifts in the distribution of power.[11] This operates in contrary when there is a single superpower that is stronger than the collective powers. An example of this case is when America took a unilateral use of force when armed forces were deployed in Iraq on 2003 without the approval of the Security Council. Claude emphasized the failing system of collective security and linking this to the Korean War. He stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"it is neither feasible to carry out nor prudent to undertake collective security operations direct or indirectly opposing a major power.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Another case that was brought forward to the Security Council is the Vietnam War where Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury mentioned the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"selective securityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in light of the flawed system of collective security.[12] Acts of aggression were obvious here in this situation but when Laos went against Hanoi in 1959, and Cambodia against USA and Vietnam in 1964, no actions were taken to restore peace. Up till this point, can collective security be said to be an effective system to fulfil the humanitarian purpose of the UN? Critics highlighted NATOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lack of action in defence of Kurdish or East Timorese human rights from abuse by the Turkish and Indonesian s tates simultaneous to Operation Allied Force[13], and reinforced this as the evidence of selective moral conscience of the West. Questions were raised as to why NATO had acted only over Kosovo when there was no effort to restore peace and stop the Croatian governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ethnic cleansing of Serbs from the Krajina in 1995[14] The success of collective security could be measure by the fact that a major conflict has not broken out since the previous second world war, despite the demoralizing acts of the Islamic State taking place currently. However, UNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"multidimensional peacekeepingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ approach, whereby conflicts and humanitarian emergencies are regarded as threats to peace, arguably has represented a new dawn of interventionist collective security[15]. Since the end of the Cold War, the UN has looked into very much humanitarian issues and intra-state conflict, where former Secretary General Kofi Annan argued that states have a duty to protect its own citizens, but in the event of a failure, that responsibility must be borne by the broader international community[16]. Of course it can be argued that it would be possible to intervene in every case of human right abuses, Booth responds that this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"merely says that on a particular occasion NATO acted in accordance with humanitarian objectives; not that as a matter of principle that NATO acts out of respect for themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[17] On the other hand, Coady argues that it is important to scrutinize responses to humanitarian crises, as from a classical utilitarianism perspective, total impartiality between targets of intervention is necessary to ensure the best is achieved[18]. Although the previously mentioned critics are in agreement that Kosovar Albanians suffered immensely under the Yugoslav regime, they bought up that the primary motive for an action will have influence on the methods used, and that for humanitarian interven tions, the absence of humanitarianism at the core of the made decision could cause the lives of civilians. Adding on, the basis when NATO has made moral judgments to intervene or not adds to the suspicion that humanitarianism may not be the primary motive for deployment of force in Kosovo. In conclusion, collective security may have served as a very important solution to restoring and sustaining world peace but as to its effectiveness, some setbacks are evident through the examples elaborated above. From selective security to superpower states, collective security could not be said with confidence that it exist for the sole purpose of world peace. The intervention in Kosovo may have been necessary, but the motivation behind external armed force intervention is clouded and was not solely for humanitarian purpose. The system of collective security is inconsistent, hence having said all these, the question of effectiveness in practice could not be answered in the positive- The flawe d part is not the system as a whole but rather the methods chosen by external forces were highly flawed since there was lack of priority for humanitarianism. Bibligraphy Primary Sources United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS XVI, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html [accessed 20 March 2015] Secondary Sources Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, (1993), The UNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Roles in International Society, United Nations, Divided World: The UNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Roles in International Relations, 2nd Edition, United States, Oxford University Press, New York Booth, K. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ten Flaws of Just Warsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions edited by Ken Booth (London, FrankKass, 2001) Barrie Watts,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Role of the United Nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Black Rabbit Books, 2004, New York Charles A. Kupchan, Clifford A. Kupchan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Concerts, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“collective securityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , and the Future of Europe, International Securityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ , Vol. 16, No. 1 (2001) Charles A. Kupchan, Clifford A. Kupchan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The promise of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“collective securityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , International Security, The MIT press (1995) Coady, C.A.J. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"War for humanity: a critiqueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ â„ ¢ in Ethics and Foreign Intervention (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003 Florian Beiber, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Constitutional reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina: preparing for EU accession, Policy Brief, (European Policy Center Brussels, April 2010) Immanuel Kant, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Perpetual peace: a philosophical essay.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (G. Allen Unwin Ltd 1915) London Inis L Claude Jr., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Swords into ploughshares the problems and progress of International Organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, 4th Edition, Random House (New York 1964) Joensson, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Understanding Collective Security in the 21st century: A critical Study of UN Peacekeeping in the former Yugoslaviaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (European University Institute, September 2010) Jackson and Sorensen, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Introduction to International Relations: Theories and approaches, (Oxford University Press, 2007) Natalia Ruiz, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Exploring the Limites of International Law relating to the Use of Force in Self-Defenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, EJIL 3 (2005) P. ThielbÃÆ' ¶rger, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Status and Future of International Law after the Libya Interventionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , 1 GJIL 4 (2012) UN, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"In Larger Freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, adopted by the UN General Assembly on 21 March 2005 (A/59/2005) pp. 74-86 Vaughan Lowe, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"International Legal Issues Arising in the Kosovo crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, (Select Committee on Foreign Affairs Minutes of Evidence, 11 May 2000) https://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmfaff/28/0020805.htm accessed 20 March 2015 336083 [1] United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, Article 2(4), 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS XVI, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html [accessed 20 March 2015] [2] ibid [3] ibid [4] United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, Article 51, 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS XVI, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3930.html [accessed 20 March 2015] [5] Vaughan Lowe, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"International Legal Issues Arising in the Kosovo crisisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, (Select Committee on Foreign Affairs Minutes of Evidence, 11 May 2000) https://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmfaff/28/0020805.htm accessed 20 March 2015 [6] In Larger Freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, adopted by the UN General Assembly on 21 March 2005 (A/59/2005) pp. 74-86 [7] Joensson, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Understanding Collective Security in the 21st century: A critical Study of UN Peacekeeping in the former Yugoslaviaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (European University Institute, September 2010) https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/14711/2010_Joensson.pdf?sequence=2 assessed 19 November 2009 [8] Florian Beiber, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Constitutional reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina: preparing for EU accession, Policy Brief, (European Policy Center Brussels, April 2010) [9] Joensson, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Understanding Collective Security in the 21st century: A critical Study of UN Peacekeeping in the former Yugoslaviaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (European University Institute, September 2010) https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/14711/2010_Joensson.pdf?sequence=2 assessed 19 November 2009 [10] ibid [11] Fhorwich, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collective Security: How is this principle articulated in the aims of the UN and has that organisation been successful in achieving those aims?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, (Scribd, 10 November 2009) https://www.scribd.com/doc/22370484/Collective-Security-Essay-Define-collective-security-How-is-th is-principle-articulated-in-the-aims-of-the-UN-and-has-that-organisation-been-succe#scribd Assessed 10 March 2015 [12] Adam Roberts,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The UNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Roles in International Society, united Nations, Divided World: The UNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Roles in International Relations, ( 2nd edition, United States, Oxford University Press 1993) [13] Chomsky, N. A New Generation Draws the Lone: Kosovo, East Timor and the Standards of the West (London verso,200) [14] Roberts, A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"NATOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Humanitarian Warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ over Kosovoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, (Survival, 41 1999) 3 pp102-23 [15] Taylor and Curtis, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Kosovoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, London, OUP 2001) 412 [16] Ibid 415 [17] Booth, K. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ten Flaws of Just Warsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions edited by Ken Booth (London, FrankKass, 2001) pp. 314-324 [18] Coady, C.A.J. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"War for hum anity: a critiqueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Ethics and Foreign Intervention (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003 pp 274-295

Jayber Crow Free Essays

At an early age Jayber Crow thought he was called to go into the ministry, but after many experiences and many questions about his religion, he found himself living in Port William, Kentucky as the town barber. Jayber quickly came to realize he needed Port William and loved to live and work there. Port William also came to realize that it needed Jayber. We will write a custom essay sample on Jayber Crow or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only was he the town barber, but he became the town grave digger and the janitor of the town church. Jayber found a place where he felt loved and that he belonged, and he was becoming a productive citizen. At the age of 10, Jayber’s life had been turned upside down. His aunt Cordie died, and he had no other relatives, so he was placed in The Good Shepherd orphanage. While at the orphanage, Jayber felt that he had been called into the ministry. After being orphaned at such a young age with nowhere to call home, he may have been looking too hard for a place to fit in or a place that he belonged. This could have led him to believe that he had been called to preach. He started pre-ministry at Pigeonville College, but before long he had started questioning his own beliefs and found himself wandering around looking for answers and a place to call home.As far back as he could remember, Jayber had fond and vivid memories of the river where he was raised. He loved that river because it always remained the same even when everything else changed around him. The river made him happy. After leaving Pigeonville, Jayber found himself in Lexington, but it was not long before he realized he needed to move on. Jayber eventually returned to his beloved river, and it led him to Port William. Jayber had learned how to cut hair while in school and had a stint as a barber in Lexington.When he saw that there was a barber shop in Port William with no barber, he figured that he could easily fill the position. Throughout his 32 years as the town barber, Jayber Crow made many friends who would last a lifetime. Aside from being the town barber, Jayber was also the town grave digger and the janitor of the town church, all of which he thoroughly enjoyed. Since he lived above his shop in town, he could easily be found when a grave needed to be dug, and he was always more than willing to help the women at the church whenever they needed it. He loved his work, and his work loved him.The people of Port William welcomed him as part of the community. This story seems to be about the fact that Jayber was pleased with and thankful for the life he had, even though it was very simple. As he got older, Jayber moved to a two room shack on the river with no electricity and no running water, but he could not have been happier anywhere else. Jayber had found a place that he could call home and a town full of people that he could call family. In the story of Jayber Crow, the place where his deep gladness and the world’s deep hunger met was known as Port William. How to cite Jayber Crow, Papers

Doctrine of Capital Maintenance and Statutory Developments Method

Question: Discuss about the Doctrine of Capital Maintenance and Statutory Developments Method. Anbswer: Introduction: The Capital Maintenance Doctrine originated from the United Kingdom in the mid - 19th century. The reasons for its development was; firstly, to protect the creditors interest, and secondly, to ensure that the dissipation of the corporation assets gets done under Law. This doctrine comprises of the rules that made to ensure that the company gets hold of the funds that it has supposed to have raised and, that the accumulated capital gets preserved. The maintained capital is subjected to the exigencies of the company for the benefit and safeguard of its creditors and also, for the discharge of the companys liabilities. The law that supports the protection that the creditors have under the Company Act 2006 and the common law supports a challenge to transactions that cause harm to creditors. For example, when the transaction is at preference or undervalue. The capital maintenance doctrine also referred as the Companies Act 2006 contain the major five areas of law such capital maintenance, distribution, reduction of share capital, financial assistance, and purchase of own shares. These areas were created about the preservation of capital, and also, elaborates the current deregulatory measures that got introduced. Under distribution, the outdated provision of the CA 1985 got restated in Part 23 CA 2006 and was effected in 1st October 2008, which applies to the distribution made from that day henceforth. The CA 2006 initiated the significant changes to the rules of the capital that were meant to cancel the statutory that prohibits giving a loan to private companies. The Maintenance of Capital Maintenance Doctrine is still found under the Australia Corporation Act but, under the reform of other Jurisdictions, for example, the Solvency Test Approach. Australia amended its capital maintenance Acts in the current years with certain distinctions that fit its particular situations. The assumption behind the solvency test approach states that the law should ensure that the major risk problems, for example, the collapse of the company because it is the only situation that may make the company not to pay its creditors. Otherwise, all forms of distribution to the stakeholders such as payment of dividends, buy-backs, and capital returns are accepted. These distributions are allowed only when appropriate solvency test are met without distinctive between payment from the capital of profits. Moreover, the Maintenance of Capital Doctrine is still an integral part of the Australia Corporate Law. It has its relevant statutory term in the rules that are found in Chapter 21 of the Corp Act 2001. These rules deal with the following types of transactions that are likely to affect the position of the capital on a company.[5] First, it deals with the reductions in share buy-backs and shares capital of a corporation in part 21.1. Second, it impacts the self-acquisition and shares control by the company under section 21.2. Third, it deals with the financial assistance by a corporation when purchasing its shares in part 21.3, and lastly, it impacts the restrictions on the payment of dividends the companies under section 254T. These statutory Acts depend heavily upon the corporation being solvent prior getting into these types of transactions. Companies directors who get involved in these kinds of the transaction shall be held responsible if he does so on behalf of the company by bre aching the solvent trading provisions in Section 588G. References Boucekkine, R., Martinez, B. and Saglam, C. (2010). Capital Maintenance as a Key Development Tool. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 57(5), pp.547-567. D'Erasmo, A. (n.d.). The Companies Act 2006. SSRN Electronic Journal. Islam, M. (2015). The Doctrine of Capital Maintenance and its Statutory Developments: An Analysis. Northern University Journal of Law, 4, p.47. Tomasic, R. (n.d.). The Rise and Fall of the Capital Maintenance Doctrine in Australian Corporate Law. SSRN Electronic Journal.